April 14, 2020
Laurie Bedord
Making a living raising cattle isn’t as simple as just buying a herd and turning it out on pasture. Cattle require a specific diet to maintain proper nutrition and weight gain.
For the past 10 years, Jon Auten has used the co-product from ethanol production as a source of energy and protein in his cattle ration. Using wet distillers’ grains in his cow-calf operation offers myriad advantages.
“Feeding a wet by-product provides protein, particularly bypass protein or rumen-undegradable protein (RUP), which is helpful for younger, rapidly growing cattle,” says Galen Erickson, cattle industry professor of animal sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. “It provides more energy than corn. It helps with ration mixing (e.g., conditioning) and allows for lower-quality roughages to be fed (e.g., stalks/straw instead of expensive alfalfa hay).”
Currently the No. 2 producer of ethanol in the U.S., Nebraska has grown from one ethanol plant in 1985 to 25 today. Combined, they have the capacity to produce about 2.3 billion gallons of ethanol. Spread across the state, these plants use more than 700 million bushels of corn each year and produce more than 6 million tons of distillers’ grains.
“We estimate feeding wet or modified distillers’ makes producers between $30 and $50 more per finished animal,” Erickson says. “This is due to better performance and cheaper cost of gain even when priced the same as corn on a dry basis.”
But as ethanol plants shut down or reduce output in the state because of economics and storage, Auten is forced to consider alternatives for his Angus herd that he estimates could push his feed costs up 25% or more.
“Once I’m not able to get wet, or even modified wet, distillers’ grains, I’m going to have to buy high-quality hay to replace the protein needs of my cattle, which comes at a premium price,” says the Ayr, Nebraska, producer.
So far this year, seven plants have idled production and three have slowed output across Nebraska, according to the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA).
“A 2015 University of Nebraska study showed that the ethanol industry in Nebraska is a $5-billion-per-year industry, so the financial impact on our state is huge as these plants idle and cut production,” says Roger Berry, administrator, Nebraska Ethanol Board.
“We’re hearing that ethanol plants are shutting down by the day,” says John Robinson, vice president of membership and communications for the National Cattlemen's Beef Association. “Unfortunately, the impact on cattle producers and feedlots that have formulated distillers’ grains into their feed rations is a side effect. They are faced with a difficult situation because they are going to have to find a new source of feed and reformulate rations. That’s really tough on producers and feeders, especially for those who are used to sourcing locally.”
Across the U.S., there are 202 ethanol plants that have 17.1 billion gallons of total capacity, according to RFA. In a typical year, eight to 10 of those may go offline.
Since March 1, 2020, 69 plants, with an annual production capacity of nearly 6 billion gallons, have been fully idled. Another 64 facilities have reduced output anywhere from 10% to 50%, which takes another 1.7 billion gallons out of the supply.
“I’ve been involved in the ethanol industry for about 15 years, and I've never seen anything close to this,” says Geoff Cooper, CEO of RFA. “It's really a devastating time for the industry.”
In a normal year – when every plant is running at normal rates – these facilities make about 44 million tons of distillers’ grains annually. With nearly 66% of production either idled or reduced, that adds up to a significant amount of feed lost.
LOSING ONE-THIRD OF FEED
In Kimball, Minnesota, Schiefelbein Farms was thrown for a loop when it was notified that one-third of its feed would no long be available – effective immediately.
Bushmills Ethanol, where the family sells its corn at around 75% of its value in return for wet cakes, is reducing ethanol production and will only be producing dried distillers’ grains for the time being. A cooperative made up of about 400 farmers/member owners, the dry mill plant began running in late December 2005. Today, it produces 65 million gallons of ethanol per year.
As the fourth-largest ethanol producer in the U.S., Minnesota is home to 20 ethanol plants that produce over 1.4 billion gallons of ethanol annually. Seven plants have idled operation and another six have slowed production since the beginning of March 2020, according to RFA.
“When we’re feeding wet cakes to the animals, especially ones that are ready to be harvested, it is a dramatic shift in what they are used to eating,” says Don Schiefelbein, whose family raises about 1,000 registered Angus females and feeds out around 10,000 head of cattle. “If we’re feeding them wet cakes one day, and the next we’re not, it can create tremendous havoc.”
As they ready to market cattle in the coming weeks, the last thing Schiefelbein Farms wants to do is mess with an animal’s diet. “Once our cattle are in the last leg of their diet, they’re consuming so much feed that any little upset in the feedstuffs can cause an upset stomach, bloat, or digestive problems,” he says.
The fact that Schiefelbein Farms had a contract with Bushmills, and it had prepaid for the product was also concerning. “Fortunately, we were able to convince them to hold off for a week, so we can stockpile as much supply as we can,” Schiefelbein says.
Once the wet cakes are no longer available, Bushmills is allowing them to switch over to dried distillers’ grains, so they can continue to use the money they have with them.
“Instead of having to make the transition in a week, maybe we can make it over two to three weeks and minimize the digestive problems that may be associated with the transition,” he says.
Depending on how long the plant is in limited production of the dry product also depends on whether or not Schiefelbein Farms will have to switch to an entirely different ingredient like soybean meal. If they have to switch, Schiefelbein estimates feed costs will rise by roughly 20%.
“There is no other inexpensive, or as abundant, source of RUP than this wet by-product,” Erickson says. “More proteins like soybean meal will be fed and certainly more urea in supplements, which is necessary. Because the type of protein is different, it will impact younger, rapidly growing cattle most. The increased corn in the diet also requires very diligent management.”
WHY ARE PLANTS SHUTTING DOWN?
Berry says there are two main reasons ethanol plants close or slow production: economics and storage.
“The ethanol industry has been running very close to breakeven for several years due to federal policy,” he says. “The small refiner exemptions have caused a lot of uncertainty in the ethanol industry over the last three years.”
Add to that the effects of coronavirus on the amount of gasoline being consumed, and it sets up an even worse scenario for ethanol plants to lose money on every gallon they produce.
“Over the past three years many plants have seriously depleted the amount of cash on hand due to the small refiner exemptions,” Berry says. “They were in a bad position before going into the decrease of ethanol use by as much as 50% due to nobody driving nearly as much as they were before the coronavirus hit.”
The reduction in ethanol use was a very fast reduction, and ethanol plants were still producing at the same level when the pandemic struck. “Due to this, the storage facilities started bringing more ethanol in than they were getting rid of,” he says. “Now most storage is holding as much as it can possibly hold, which makes the logistics of getting rid of the ethanol produced very difficult.”
As the economic situation improves, Berry says all of the Nebraska plants plan to come back online.
However, Cooper says it’s too soon to know exactly what the recovery is going to look like for the industry.
“In the past, we’ve seen similar episodes where the market has recovered quickly. Plants were able to rapidly ramp up production, and get back to normal,” he says. “But we also have seen episodes like the Great Recession where it was a much longer, slower recovery. I don’t think we know yet which pattern we’re more likely to see.”
The bottom line: In order for the industry to recover from this, Cooper says the economy has to reopen. “People have to get back on the roads. People have to go back to their office buildings. Kids have to go back to school. There’s really no other way out of this box.”
COMPOUNDING AN ALREADY BAD SITUATION
Switching an animal’s diet couldn’t come at a worse time as the cattle market continues to fall apart. “The futures prices are well below where they were prior to COVID-19, and they weren’t good at that point, either,” Robinson says.
“When your selling price is down, and your cost of production is going up – even though your feed was contracted and paid for – all of a sudden your economics are turned upside down,” Schiefelbein says.
And it’s not just distillers’ grains being replaced.
“Even with low corn prices right now, you’re also replacing or adding other feed costs that may be higher priced because producers are having to reformulate a ration,” Robinson says. “Those added costs are a horrendous hit to an already bad situation that cattle producers are facing across the country regardless of their feed source.
“The price discovery mechanism in our markets is completely broken,” he continues. “It’s cause for concern, and it has a lot of people asking questions about what’s going on and what’s really at play here. We are going to have to provide some solutions in the market, so that producers really understand what their cattle are worth. Right now, most of those tools are not working very well.”
agriculture.com
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